全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9365篇 |
免费 | 241篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 1722篇 |
工业经济 | 756篇 |
计划管理 | 1650篇 |
经济学 | 2138篇 |
综合类 | 220篇 |
运输经济 | 40篇 |
旅游经济 | 133篇 |
贸易经济 | 1416篇 |
农业经济 | 392篇 |
经济概况 | 1109篇 |
信息产业经济 | 1篇 |
邮电经济 | 30篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 108篇 |
2019年 | 136篇 |
2018年 | 179篇 |
2017年 | 212篇 |
2016年 | 191篇 |
2015年 | 135篇 |
2014年 | 187篇 |
2013年 | 863篇 |
2012年 | 268篇 |
2011年 | 270篇 |
2010年 | 254篇 |
2009年 | 295篇 |
2008年 | 269篇 |
2007年 | 251篇 |
2006年 | 202篇 |
2005年 | 181篇 |
2004年 | 184篇 |
2003年 | 187篇 |
2002年 | 149篇 |
2001年 | 189篇 |
2000年 | 193篇 |
1999年 | 164篇 |
1998年 | 153篇 |
1997年 | 188篇 |
1996年 | 166篇 |
1995年 | 175篇 |
1994年 | 160篇 |
1993年 | 166篇 |
1992年 | 189篇 |
1991年 | 185篇 |
1990年 | 147篇 |
1989年 | 143篇 |
1988年 | 115篇 |
1987年 | 117篇 |
1986年 | 119篇 |
1985年 | 170篇 |
1984年 | 149篇 |
1983年 | 167篇 |
1982年 | 132篇 |
1981年 | 164篇 |
1980年 | 133篇 |
1979年 | 155篇 |
1978年 | 128篇 |
1977年 | 117篇 |
1976年 | 123篇 |
1975年 | 105篇 |
1974年 | 99篇 |
1973年 | 84篇 |
1972年 | 63篇 |
1971年 | 58篇 |
排序方式: 共有9607条查询结果,搜索用时 117 毫秒
991.
The study investigates arbitrator gender and arbitrator-grievant gender effects on the decisions of 146 arbitrators rendered on a hypothetical sexual harassment case. Gender was not found to have a statistically significant effect on the decisions examined. However, other characteristics of the arbitrator—level of experience and level of education—were found to influence the arbitral decision. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
Harley B. Messinger 《Socio》1977,11(6):323-330
Dimensional analysis has been defined variously as the synthesis of dimensionless variables and as a way of spatially representing data. While in sociometrics, one may not be able to devise models resembling those of the physical sciences because of the complexity of many social situations, one may in some cases successfully apply the techniques of classic dimensional analysis and get empirically valid results. More often we derive with analytic methods from the social sciences different kinds of dimensional frameworks in which to represent data. This paper will compare these approaches to the study of relationships and give examples of where each might be appropriate. Finally, a classification of the analytical methods will be presented. 相似文献
995.
Chance Constrained Programming Formulations for Stochastic Characterizations of Efficiency and Dominance in DEA 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
Cooper William W. Huang Zhimin Lelas Vedran Li Susan X. Olesen Ole B. 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1998,9(1):53-79
Pareto-Koopmans efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is extended to stochastic inputs and outputs via probabilistic input-output vector comparisons in a given empirical production (possibility) set. In contrast to other approaches which have used Chance Constrained Programming formulations in DEA, the emphasis here is on joint chance constraints. An assumption of arbitrary but known probability distributions leads to the P-Model of chance constrained programming. A necessary condition for a DMU to be stochastically efficient and a sufficient condition for a DMU to be non-stochastically efficient are provided. Deterministic equivalents using the zero order decision rules of chance constrained programming and multivariate normal distributions take the form of an extended version of the additive model of DEA. Contacts are also maintained with all of the other presently available deterministic DEA models in the form of easily identified extensions which can be used to formalize the treatment of efficiency when stochastic elements are present. 相似文献
996.
Abstract. This paper estimates the impact of interest rate shocks on regional output in Germany over the period from 1970 to 2000. We use a vector autoregression (VAR) model to obtain impulse responses, which reveal differences in the output responses to monetary policy shocks across ten German provinces. Next, we investigate whether these differences can be related to structural features of the regional economies, such as industry mix, firm size, bank size and openness. An additional analysis of the volatility of real GDP growth for the period 1992–2000 includes the Eastern provinces. We also present evidence on the interrelationship between firm size and industry, and compare our measure of firm size with those used in previous studies. We conclude that the differential regional effects of monetary policy are related to industrial composition, but not to firm size or bank size. 相似文献
997.
Synopsis It has been proposed that open thermodynamic systems will act to dissipate available energy gradients by self-organizing into
coherent structures that, with time, evolve and develop into nested hierarchies – panarchies – that adapt to internal and
external changes according to a characteristic adaptive cycle. This paper seeks to apply these ideas in the purely societal
realm by investigating the role of money in economic systems. Money represents the value embodied in goods; a value that is
separate from the exact nature of those goods. We suggest that money thereby liberates the ‘free value’ of economic desire
and that this free value has properties analogous to energy. The result is the self-organization of structures and systems
(‘econosystems’) that dissipate this ‘free value’. Econosystems act at different scales, and nested levels of econosystems
form a panarchy, having effects that can be observed. In particular, it appears that money facilitates the creation of relationships
between econosystem actors, increasing the connectedness of the econosystems that envelop those actors. We have identified
a phenomenon whereby freed social value (i.e. money) can aggregate, or pool, at a larger econosystem scale in structures such
as banks. These pools act as gradients that actors at the neighborhood scale can exploit for self-organization in the econosystem.
Thus, econosystem actors appear to be freed from thermodynamic constraints by using money as a means of self-organization.
However, because of these pools of aggregated social exergy, connectedness is increased at the larger scale of the econosystem.
The potential consequence of this dynamic is that money may act to push larger scale econosystems toward a state of heightened
vulnerability to collapse, while freeing smaller scale actors from apparent constraints. In this way, we propose that money
acts to skew information feedback loops between econosystem actors and larger scale structures such as economies and ecosystems.
相似文献
998.
This article examines the problem of kidney shortages for transplant in the United States. Following a study by Kaserman and Barnett, we reexamine the viability of allowing a market for cadaveric kidneys and estimate the implied equilibrium price based on our survey responses. In sharp contrast to the findings of Kaserman and Barnett, we estimate that a market equilibrium price for cadaveric kidneys may be prohibitively high. Consequently, we support other policy alternatives to increase supply, particularly presumed consent and mandated choice. Our findings also highlight the importance of obtaining data through experiments, rather than a survey, to estimate the impact of financial incentives. ( JEL I18, I12, I00) 相似文献
999.
In most OECD countries, the wage gap between men and women has narrowed during the past two decades. Developments of the last
20 years, e.g., increased labour market attachment of women or the introduction of equal pay laws, may have reduced the gender
wage gap. We investigate the extent, persistence, and socio-economic determinants of the gender wage gap in Austria, for the
years 1983 and 1997. Using wage decomposition techniques, we find that the average gender wage gap was almost as high in 1997
as it was in 1983. Not accounting for differences, the gender wage gap dropped from 25.5 to 23.3% of men’s wages. Taking observable
differences between men and women into account, we estimate that the mean gender wage gap that cannot be explained, i.e.,
discrimination against women, dropped from 17 to 14% of men’s wages. A decomposition of the gender wage gap over time indicates
that both returns to human capital and less discrimination were responsible for the narrowing of the gender wage gap.
相似文献
Christine ZulehnerEmail: |
1000.
The objective of this paper is to examine whether financial development leads to economic growth or vice versa in the small open economy of Malaysia. Using time series data from 1960 to 2001, we conduct cointegration and causality tests to assess the finance-growth link by taking the real interest rate and financial repression into account. The empirical evidence suggests that financial liberalization, through removing the repressionist policies, has a favorable effect in stimulating financial sector development. Financial depth and economic development are positively related; but contrary to the conventional findings, our results support Robinson's view that output growth leads to higher financial depth in the long-run. 相似文献